https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_suppression_and_cancellation https://wiki.analog.com/resources/tools-software/sigmastudio/toolbox/adialgorithms Telecordia Standards like GR-283-CORE pulse timer - https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/programmable-logic-controllers-tutorial-523/pulse-timers-14725.html#:~:text=Pulse%20timers%20are%20used%20to,output%20from%20some%20initiating%20input.&text=When%20there%20is%20an%20input%20to%20In%201%2C%20there%20is,elapsed%2Cthe%20timer%20contacts%20open. line feeding - feeding of line changes from standby to active to different state depends on on-hook off-hook , and other line status howler tone - howler mode - ring cadence - polarity reversal - Polarity of the line will be reversed, +- of a/b wire of RJ11 polarity means dc voltage, it is the directional flow of electrons from one pole to the other https://www.ixysic.com/home/pdfs.nsf/www/an-118.pdf/$file/an-118.pd...